Positive and Negative Thinkers' Brains

Research conducted by Michigan State University psychologist, Jason Moser, shows that positive and negative thinking may actually be hardwired in the brain. To read more about these findings in the MSU Today, please click here . Dr. Moser also develop the neurophysiological measures used here at the MSU M.A.P. Project! 

Infants Learn By Doing

   We know that our minds control our actions, but do our actions influence our minds? Psychology researchers have recently tackled this question by looking at how physical movements influence learning in infants and young children.
    One new study examined how three-month-olds learn about others’ goals based on their own actions. Infants sat for a few minutes and either played with some toys themselves using Velcro “sticky” mittens that helped them move the toys around or they just watched the experimenter play with the toys. Afterwards, infants watched the experimenter pick up one of the two toys until the infant lost interest. The position of the toys was then switched, and infants saw the experimenter do one of two things: either perform the same action as before (the hand reached out and grabbed the toy on the left) but the outcome was different (a different toy was picked up than before), or the experimenter’s hand performed a different action (the hand reached out and grabbed the toy on the right) but the outcome was the same as before (the same toy was picked up as before). The researchers measured how long the infants looked at each event to determine whether they found either one surprising.
    Infants who played with the toys themselves looked longer at the event with the different outcome than event with the same outcome. What does this mean? Infants are able to learn about others’ desires by applying what they know about how they perform actions in the world. They learn that their actions can be directed toward specific outcomes, although this learning is still limited. So what’s the takeaway? Passive learning is not very effective learning, therefore it is crucial that children – and even young babies – act on their own world while learning – i.e., active learning – in order to gain the most knowledge.

To read a more details description of this study and its finding, please click here:


Also, to watch a brief video demonstrating the infants’ use of the Velcro mittens, please click here:

Raising Successful Children

           Everyone wants to be a great parent, but what are some of the best ways to raise happy and successful children? The optimal parent is one who is involved, but not too involved, one who is responsive to their child’s needs and sets high expectations, but respects their child’s independence. Children of these “authoritative” parents perform better academically, physically, and socially. By not being overly involved, your child will develop higher confidence and motivation.

In one study, a researcher gave children a simple puzzle to solve and only some of the children were told how bright and capable they were. Children who were not given the praise were more motivated to tackle more difficult puzzles, showed higher levels of confidence and greater overall progress in puzzle-solving. These results show that praising talents and abilities actually decreases a child’s confidence because they risk losing their status by trying more difficult puzzles. Other studies have shown similar findings, for example, supporting a child’s independence and limiting parental involvement results in better academic and emotional outcomes.

Parents of successful and happy children did not do for the child what the child could do or could almost do themselves. Children face challenges everyday that they must learn to overcome on their own without their parent taking over. Parents must understand that their children need to experience successful failures, or failures that the child can live with and grow from. Depriving children of challenges also deprives them from learning the skills they’ll need to survive in life. Not everything in a child’s life is always going to go according to plan, so parents must learn to accept this and allow their child to be independent.

Overparenting can be detrimental to a child’s confidence, motivation, and independence. Children flourish when their environment is reliable, consistent, available, and noninterfering. Allowing children to make mistakes can be anxiety-provoking for parents, but parents must learn to control their anxiety to allow their children to manage the given situation on their own. Unhappy and unfulfilled parents are more likely to be prone to overparenting, so make sure your needs are also met in order to be the very best parent you can be. Happy parenting!

Click here to read a more in-depth article on this topic from the New York Times! 

Understanding Children's Emotions

    Understanding the importance of emotions in children is crucial to understanding how emotions guide their thoughts and behaviors. Recent research has defined interest as a key emotion that may be the first to develop in infancy, then later stimulates children’s curiosity, motivating them to explore the world around them and to learn from their experiences.  Parents are encouraged to respond enthusiastically to their children’s interests, increasing opportunities for meaningful conversations which builds stronger family relationships.

     Although some children don’t show “typical” interests (e.g. reading or school work), parents are encouraged to determine what does interest their child, and to engage in their interests. Over time, parents can help their child turn theses interests into constructive projects, but parents must meet them half way through support and encouragement.

To read a more detailed article about this concept of understanding children's emotions, click on the following link: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kenneth-barish-phd/understanding-childrens-e_b_3594455.html .

What interests and activities do your children enjoy? How do you encourage your children to pursue their interests? Submit your comments below! 

How to encourage good behavior in your child

Parents often resort to using bribes to encourage their children to engage in desired behaviors, but research shows that bribes do not work in the long run. What should parents use instead of bribes to encourage good behavior in their children? Here's a few take home messages from the New York Times article provided below:

•  Turn every task or behavior into a game
• Make it a challenge for your child to engage in a specific behavior or task
• Give prizes spontaneously
• Give your child a choice in what they'd like as a reward
• Use praise as a reward
• Focus on the process it took to achieve the desired behavior, don't focus on just the desired behavior

To read the full article, visit http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/fashion/modifying-a-

childs-behavior-without-resorting-to-bribes-this-life.html?pagewanted=1 .

Delayed Gratification

As children develop, their ability to wait longer for greater rewards increases. Older children are better able to resist having a smaller reward now to obtain a bigger reward later. This is called delayed gratification, and it’s a process that we often use throughout our daily lives. Specifically, the ways in which children think about the rewards and handle their desires become more sophisticated, allowing them to wait longer periods of time when faced with such choices.

The MSU MAP project looks at behaviors and thought processes similar to delayed gratification in children ages five to seven. We hope to better understand how such behaviors and thought processes develop, as well as how they’re related to parenting behaviors, patterns of brain activity, and a range of other factors. Understanding how children think and develop is important in order to create better learning environments to provide children with more positive outcomes throughout childhood and beyond.

Below is a fun video explaining the concept of delayed gratification.